KAS Current Affairs

KAS Current Affairs: Current Affairs is the living pulse of the KPSC syllabus. It is not a standalone subject to be memorized in isolation; rather, it is a dynamic thread that weaves together History, Economy, Polity, and Ethics across both the Preliminary and Main stages. In the context of the upcoming examinations, transitioning from simply “reading the news” to “studying the syllabus through the news” is the critical shift that separates a serious aspirant from a casual reader.

The “Syllabus-First” Philosophy
By following a current affairs pattern strictly mapped to the KPSC syllabus, you ensure that every hour spent reading the newspaper is an hour spent building your exam rank.

Preliminary Examination

Paper-I: Current Events of National and International Importance

Paper-II: Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

Main Examination

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1: Topic of International/National Importance

Essay-2: Topic of State importance/Local Importance

Paper-II: General Studies 1

GST collection grew by 11.6%
Context: In a year where the GST rate rationalisation threw up a huge challenge, data shared by the Commercial Taxes Department shows that a total of ₹1.58 lakh crore was collected as GST in the State, a growth of 11.6% from 2024-2025.

• In a year where the GST rate rationalisation threw up a huge challenge for the State to mop up resources, Karnataka received ₹87,256 crore as part of the SGST, and the SGST portion of the IGST settlement during 2025-2026, about 5% more than 2024-2025 when the settlement was ₹82,808 crore.
• Data shared by the Commercial Taxes Department shows that a total of ₹1.58 lakh crore was collected as GST in the State, a growth of 11.6% over the collection in 2024-2025. Collection in Karnataka is the second highest in the country after Maharashtra where the GST collection stood at ₹3.61 lakh crore during 2025-2026.
• Of the total collection of ₹1.58 lakh crore, ₹40,621 crore was CGST, ₹50,245 crore was SGST, and ₹67,351 crore was IGST.
• The State government had estimated the revenue loss at about ₹10,000 crore owing to GST rate rationalisation in 2025-2026, and is estimating a revenue loss of about ₹15,000 crore in 2026-27.

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Exclusion from rolls doesn’t repeal voting rights forever, says SC
Context: The rights of West Bengal voters purged from the electoral rolls during the special intensive revision (SIR), and unable to make it to any of the supplementary lists ahead of the Assembly election, cannot be “washed away forever”, the Supreme Court said.

• A three-judge Bench headed by Chief Justice of India (CJI) Surya Kant made the observation in the context of 19 tribunals constituted by the Election Commission of India (EC) to hear appeals of persons excluded from the electoral roll. Justice Joymalya Bagchi, on the Bench, said the adjudication and appellate processes of the SIR exercise must be taken to its logical conclusion, and anything less would lead to an “extremely oppressive” situation.
• The Bench also highlighted a Calcutta High Court communication saying nearly 47 lakh of a total 60 lakh claims under adjudication had already been disposed of and the remaining would be cleared by April 7. The appellate hearings would ensure justice for those excluded incorrectly, CJI Kant said.

Bill to establish Amaravati as sole capital of A.P. gets Lok Sabha nod
Context: The Lok Sabha passed a Bill to recognise Amaravati as the sole and permanent capital of Andhra Pradesh, with the principal Opposition party Congress extending support to the legislation. The YSR Congress Party – which had earlier proposed a three-capital plan for the State – walked out in protest.

• The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2026, was passed by a voice vote after a nearly two-hour debate. It will now be sent to the Rajya Sabha, and then to the President for assent.
• Once enacted, it will give statutory backing to Amaravati as the State’s capital with effect from June 2, 2024, effectively foreclosing any future attempt to alter the decision.
• Initiating the discussion, Congress member Manickam Tagore said his party supported the Bill but reiterated the demand for special category status for the State.
• Supporting the legislation, BJP member C.M. Ramesh said it was perhaps the first instance of Parliament enacting a law to formally declare a specific location as a State capital.
• The YSRCP, however, opposed the measure, arguing that the interests of farmers who had parted with land for the project remained unaddressed.

CAPF Bill passed by Rajya Sabha after Opposition walkout
Context: The Central Armed Police Forces (General Administration) Bill, which was passed in the Rajya Sabha, will further strengthen the security system of the country, Minister of State for Home Affairs Nityanand Rai said, while replying to the debate on the legislation.

• The Opposition walked out after Mr. Rai’s speech, alleging that the government had not addressed any concerns about the Bill raised by their MPs and senior officers of the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF).
• Mr. Rai maintained that the Bill was an important step in resolving several inconsistencies in CAPF service rules, cadre management, and appointment-related issues, among others, to boost the efficiency and morale of the forces.
• “The Bill aims to create an umbrella structure for resolving several such anomalies and streamlining its structure for better coordination and implementation,” Mr. Rai said, while maintaining that the Bill is not against the federal structure.
• Soon after Mr. Rai’s speech, Opposition Leader Mallikarjun Kharge reiterated the demand that the Bill should be referred to a select committee of Parliament. He alleged that Mr. Rai had not addressed the core issues raised by the Opposition on the institutionalisation of deputation, adverse impact on morale and career progression, lack of consultation and representation, and lack of concern for judicial direction.
• Nationalist Congress Party (Sharad Pawar) MP Fauzia Khan said the Bill was judicial invasion wearing the clothes of law.
• “Imagine joining one of these forces as an Assistant Commandant, young, ready to serve, 16 years have passed, you have fought insurgents, you have earned your promotion, and yet you have not received it,” Ms. Khan said.

NSCN-K seeks ‘religious conversion’, Arunachal govt. tells UAPA tribunal
Context: The Arunachal Pradesh government told an Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) tribunal recently that the National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Khaplang (NSCN-K), a banned outfit which seeks the merger of Naga-dominated areas in India and Myanmar, wants to “convert people to Christianity” in order to have a “homogenous society for a common cause”.

• A UAPA tribunal on March 19 upheld a Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) notification of September 22, 2025 to declare the NSCN-K an unlawful association under the UAPA, 1967 for another five years. The group was involved in the June 4, 2015 ambush of an Army convoy in Manipur in which 18 Army personnel were killed.
• In its deposition, the Arunachal Pradesh government said other than the forceful conversion of locals to Christianity, the group intends to “bring all the sub-tribes under one banner Tangsang-Naga” and “this is indicative of a deeper conspiracy to create homogenous demographic structure”.
• The outfit is active in the Tirap, Changlang and Longding (TCL) districts of Arunachal Pradesh. The State government did not depose on these lines before the tribunal that was set up in 2015, when the outfit was banned first.
• It added that the group indulges in unlawful interference in electoral process, drug trafficking and has established hideouts/camps in the three districts to attack/ambush security force personnel.
• Named after its leader S.S. Khaplang, who died in Myanmar in 2017, the NSCN-K was formed in January 1990 after a split from the parent group, the National Socialist Council of Nagaland, in 1988. The latter is now known as the NSCN (Isak-Muivah) and has been in peace talks with the government since 1997. The National Investigation Agency had declared a reward of ₹17 lakh for Khaplang’s arrest for executing the ambush on the Army convoy. The NSCN-K was initially banned for five years in 2020, extended for another five years in 2025.
• The Ministry informed the tribunal that in the past five years, NSCN-K factions were involved in 29 incidents of violence, in which 18 deaths and injuries to 16 security personnel and civilians occurred; 71 cases were registered with chargesheets filed in 56 cases and 35 cadres were prosecuted or convicted. Eighty-five cadres were arrested, 69 cadres surrendered and 51 other criminal activities, including kidnappings, were reported.
• The Ministry submitted that the group reportedly has an approximate strength of 400-500 cadres in Myanmar, including 50-75 Indian Naga cadres.

LS passes Jan Vishwas Amendment Bill 2026
Context: The Lok Sabha on Wednesday passed the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2026, by voice vote, aiming to decriminalise minor offences across various laws and further promote ease of doing business and living.

• The Bill proposes to amend 784 provisions of 79 Central Acts administered by 23 Ministries. It seeks to decriminalise 717 provisions and amend 67 provisions to facilitate ease of living.
• It also seeks to rationalise more than 1,000 offences, removing outdated and redundant provisions, thereby improving the overall regulatory environment. Replying to the debate on the Bill, Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal said it will help people and MSMEs. Amendments moved by Congress member K. Kavya were rejected by voice vote.

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

Karnataka seeks public feedback on draft policy for students’ digital use
Context: The Karnataka Health Department has opened its draft policy on responsible digital use among students for public feedback, inviting objections and suggestions until April 15. The draft policy was released last week.

• Prepared in collaboration with the NIMHANS and other stakeholders, the draft policy is aimed at tackling growing concerns over excessive and unsafe use of digital devices among schoolchildren. Students, parents, and the general public can submit their responses via email to dd6mhkar@gmail.com and ddehospital-​hfws@karnataka.gov.in.
• Addressing presspersons on Wednesday, Health Minister Dinesh Gundu Rao said, “The public is increasingly aware of the negative effects of mobile phones on health and education, including anxiety, cyberbullying, sleeplessness and social isolation. You may also notice that family members are speaking less with each other because of mobile phone use.
• It is disturbing our social structure.” “While we have learnt how to use technology, we have not adequately understood its adverse effects, including digital addiction and its impact on the mind,” the Minister said, emphasising that the policy stresses training parents and teachers to help reduce excessive mobile phone use among children.

One in four

• The draft highlights that nearly one in four adolescents shows signs of problematic internet use, linking excessive screen time to mental health concerns such as anxiety, sleep disturbances, poor academic performance, and social isolation, along with risks like cyberbullying and online exploitation.
• The framework promotes digital well-being, emotional resilience, and responsible technology use.

Training of teachers

• “Schools will be required to frame their own digital use guidelines, including setting limits on recreational screen time – recommended at no more than one hour a day – addressing cyber misconduct, and ensuring access to counselling support.
• Teachers will be trained to identify early signs of digital distress and guide students to appropriate services,” the Minister said.
• The policy urges them to enforce screen-time rules, create device-free spaces at home, and model responsible digital behaviour, while schools are expected to strengthen engagement with families, he said.

NASA begins fuelling rocket for first lunar trip in 50 years
Context: NASA began fuelling its moon rocket for humanity’s first lunar trip in more than half a century, aiming for an evening lift-off with four astronauts.

• Tensions were high as hydrogen fuel started flowing into the rocket hours ahead of the planned launch. Dangerous hydrogen leaks erupted during a countdown test earlier this year, forcing a lengthy flight delay.
• The launch team needs to load more than 2.6 million litres into the 32-story Space Launch System rocket on the pad before the Artemis II crew can board.
• “It is time to fly,” commander Reid Wiseman said on the eve of launch via X. Favourable weather was forecast.
• Three Americans and one Canadian will fly around the moon without stopping or even orbiting — then head straight back for a Pacific splashdown. They will set a new distance record for the farthest humans have travelled from Earth as they zoom some 6,400 km beyond the moon and then hang a U-turn.
• Astronauts last flew to the moon during Apollo 17 in 1972.

Paper-V: General Studies 4

KAS Current Affairs

KAS Current Affairs: Current Affairs is the living pulse of the KPSC syllabus. It is not a standalone subject to be memorized in isolation; rather, it is a dynamic thread that weaves together History, Economy, Polity, and Ethics across both the Preliminary and Main stages. In the context of the upcoming examinations, transitioning from simply “reading the news” to “studying the syllabus through the news” is the critical shift that separates a serious aspirant from a casual reader.

The “Syllabus-First” Philosophy
By following a current affairs pattern strictly mapped to the KPSC syllabus, you ensure that every hour spent reading the newspaper is an hour spent building your exam rank.

Coming Soon…

KAS Current Affairs

KAS Current Affairs: Current Affairs is the living pulse of the KPSC syllabus. It is not a standalone subject to be memorized in isolation; rather, it is a dynamic thread that weaves together History, Economy, Polity, and Ethics across both the Preliminary and Main stages. In the context of the upcoming examinations, transitioning from simply “reading the news” to “studying the syllabus through the news” is the critical shift that separates a serious aspirant from a casual reader.

The “Syllabus-First” Philosophy
By following a current affairs pattern strictly mapped to the KPSC syllabus, you ensure that every hour spent reading the newspaper is an hour spent building your exam rank.

Preliminary Examination

Paper-I: Current Events of National and International Importance

Telangana passes Bill to protect gig workers
Context: In a decisive move to protect the rapidly expanding gig workforce, the Telangana Assembly on Monday passed The Telangana Platform Based Gig Workers (Registration, Social Security and Welfare) Bill, 2026, giving platform-based workers a clear social security framework and statutory safeguards for the first time.

• The government had crafted the legislation after extensive consultations with workers and companies, Labour and Employment Minister G. Vivek Venkataswamy said. “If gig workers are not taken care of, penalties will be imposed on aggregators,” he said, adding that the government “firmly stands with the workers”.
• The Bill establishes a Social Security and Welfare Board , with representation of women and persons with disabilities.
• In a major structural shift, aggregators — including delivery, ride-hailing, and service apps — must contribute up to 2% of their transaction value to a State-managed welfare fund. The corpus will support insurance, pension, and maternity benefits.
• The law also introduces a strong grievance redressal system to protect workers from sudden termination or payment stoppages.
• For the first time, companies will be required to maintain full transparency in order allocation and payment calculations.

Paper-II: Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

Peenya, Hennur among pockets emerging as heat islands; GBA plans cooling measures
Context: While Bengaluru is not classified as a heatwave-prone city, pockets in it — such as Peenya, Nagawara, Hennur, and HBR Layout — are emerging as “urban heat islands”, with temperatures up to 4 degrees Celsius higher than other parts of the city, according to a baseline study.

• Urban heat islands occur when dense construction, asphalt roads, and reduced greenery trap heat during the day and release it at night, making these areas hotter than their surroundings.
• The baseline study by the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, in which Greater Bengaluru Authority (GBA) corporations had also participated, shows that land-use changes are a key driver of the heat island effect. Industrial zones like Peenya, dominated by concrete and corrugated structures, and mixed-use corridors such as Nagawara-Hennur, with heavy construction and major transit intersections, re-radiate heat and remain warmer at night.

Interventions planned

• To tackle this, city corporations — West and North, under which the mentioned areas fall — are developing a targeted heat action framework, combining immediate mitigation with a long-term “Heat and Health” protocol.
• Measures include reflective “cool roof” interventions for public buildings (such as painting hospitals and schools white), expansion of tree cover, and restoration of water bodies to reintroduce natural cooling.
• West Corporation Commissioner K.V. Rajendra said the corporation will begin with the rollout of cool roofing across all primary health centres (PHCs).
• GBA officials say that marginalised communities, like labourers and frontline workers, operating within heat hotspots face disproportionate risks
• In neighbourhoods such as Peenya, Hennur, and Nagawara, identified as Bengaluru’s emerging heat hotspots in a baseline study by the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, the impact of rising temperatures is most visible in the daily routines of those who work outdoors.
• Nearly 44% of the city’s workforce is engaged in outdoor occupations, and for them, these pockets translate into prolonged exposure to heat with no scope for relief during the day, according to surveys referenced by the Greater Bengaluru Authority’s (GBA) corporations, which are now planning targeted cooling measures in these areas.

Most vulnerable

• Field insights and reports cited by officials, including those by Hasiru Dala, an organisation working with informal labourers, show that over 73% of waste workers continue to toil during peak heat hours, with 92% reporting that the heat directly affects them. This is a trend that extends to construction labourers, traffic personnel, and street vendors. Workers report fatigue, dehydration, reduced productivity, and heat-related health stress, as daily-wage and location-dependent livelihoods leave little room to pause work or move to better conditions.
• Officials said their assessment also drew on data from the National Crime Records Bureau and the State Health Department, which show that in India, 730 deaths due to heat or sunstroke were reported in 2022, 374 in 2021, and 530 in 2020. A study by the Centre for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, which mapped a Heatwave Health Risk Index for Karnataka, categorises Bengaluru as a moderate-risk city, driven by factors such as declining green cover and high population density. However, the study’s Exposure Index places the city in a “high exposure” category, highlighting the concentration of people, livelihoods, and infrastructure at risk, specifically flagging outdoor workers as particularly vulnerable to heat stress.
• Marginalised communities and frontline workers operating within heat hotspots face disproportionate risks, GBA officials said. In one documented case from a food processing unit in Nayandahalli, located near an aluminium-smelting facility, workers reported that trapped heat combined with polluted exhaust created extreme indoor conditions, leading to breathing difficulty, dehydration, and fatigue during peak summer afternoons.

Disproportionate risk

• “After noon, it gets unbearable — especially in recent years. Though there’s a park nearby, it gets closed early. Sometimes we manage by keeping cold rags over the head, but that does not help for long. We can’t leave the spot because we will lose our customers,” Naseer Giyas, a vegetable seller in Nagawara, said.
• Construction workers describe a similar strain, where heat combined with dust worsens physical exhaustion and health risks. Many pointed out that summer months often see higher construction activity as dry conditions make processes like cementing and curing easier, leaving them exposed to peak heat for longer hours.
• Rakesh Shenoy, a traffic personnel, said that there have been talks for a long time about providing drinking water and shade near junctions, but it has barely translated into action on the ground. “If properly implemented, it will make a big difference, because we stand for long, continuous shifts without proper breaks,” he said.

Gaps in preparedness

• Officials acknowledged key gaps in the city’s preparedness, noting that the Bengaluru Climate Action Plan lacks statutory enforcement powers, while funding for heat mitigation is spread across multiple departments. At the operational level, infrastructure such as cooling shelters and emergency water distribution remains sparse, and informal workers continue to lack dedicated cooling or rest spaces.
• Officials added that the plans focus on immediate measures to protect vulnerable populations, while the long-term strategy aims to build a responsive heat management system for the city.

Main Examination

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1: Topic of International/National Importance

Democracy is about fair voice, and not just raw numbers. In the Indian context, federal stability matters as much as electoral arithmetic – Discuss.

Essay-2: Topic of State importance/Local Importance

“In the wake of the global energy crisis and environmental pollution, to what extent has Karnataka’s Electric Vehicle (EV) policy been successful in steering the state towards sustainable transport? Critically examine.”

Paper-II: General Studies 1

Manufacturing, capital goods lift IIP growth to 5.2% in Feb.
Context: Growth in India’s industrial activity accelerated marginally to 5.2% in February, driven by a quickening of growth in the manufacturing and capital goods sectors.

• The data on the Index of Industrial Production for February, released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, shows that the final growth for January was also upgraded to 5.1% from the provisional 4.8% stated as part of last month’s data release.
• Within the Index, growth in the manufacturing sector accelerated to 6% in February, from 5.3% in the previous month. This was also considerably faster than the 2.8% in growth in February last year. The mining and quarrying sector, on the other hand, saw growth slowing to a four-month low of 3.1% in February 2026, down from 4.3% in January. This was, however, faster than the 1.6% seen in February 2025.
• Growth in the electricity sector, too, slowed to 2.3% in February 2026 from 5.1% in January.
• “The growth is investment led, with basic metals, automobiles, machinery, and double digit gains in capital goods and infrastructure/construction goods pointing to a capex and infrastructure driven upcycle,”.
• Notably, growth in the capital goods sector accelerated to a nine-month high of 12.5% in February 2026 from 4.1% in the previous month. This performance on the back of a relatively strong performance of 8.1% in February of last year.
• Consumer demand, however, seems to have slumped, according to the data. The consumer durables sector contracted 2.1% in February 2026, the sector’s worst performance in 27 months. The consumer non-durables sector, too, contracted 0.6%, the second consecutive month of contraction.

Weightage of Eight Core Industries in India
The “Core Industries” comprise nearly 40.27% of the total weight of items included in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).

Base Year: The current weightage is calculated based on the 2011-12 base year.
IIP Connection: Since these eight industries have a 40.27% share in the Index of Industrial Production, any fluctuations here significantly impact India’s overall industrial growth data.
Sectoral Weightage in IIP (Broad Categories)
If you look at the entire IIP (100%), it is divided into three main sectors:
1.Manufacturing: 77.63% (Highest Share)
2.Mining: 14.37%
3.Electricity: 7.99%
Note: While “Electricity” is a core industry, in the broader IIP classification, it is treated as a separate sector alongside Manufacturing and Mining.

Govt. retains interest rates on small savings schemes

• The Union government on Monday left interest rates unchanged for various small savings schemes, including PPF and NSC, for the eighth straight quarter, beginning April 1, 2026.
• As per a Finance Ministry notification, the Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme will attract an interest rate of 8.2%, while the rate on a three-year term deposit remains at 7.1%.
• The interest rates for Public Provident Fund (PPF), National Savings Certificate (NSC) and post office savings deposit schemes have been retained at 7.1%, 7.7% and 4%, respectively.
• The government last changed the interest rate on some schemes in the fourth quarter of the financial year 2023-24.

IRDAI approves India AS framework for insurers

• IRDAI has approved amendments mandating insurers to prepare and present financial statements in accordance with applicable Indian Accounting Standards effective April 1, 2026.
• The implementation of Ind AS will be applicable to all categories of insurers – life, general, stand alone health insurers and reinsurers. The amendment sets out the regulatory framework governing the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial statements under Ind AS. Introduction of Ind AS aims to enhance consistency, transparency and comparability in financial reporting across the insurance sector, in alignment with globally accepted standards, IRDAI said, announcing approval for the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (Actuarial, Finance and Investment Functions of Insurers) (Amendment) Regulations, 2026.

Sitharaman defends IBC citing higher recoveries, turnarounds
Context: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman on Monday defended the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) in Parliament, citing the high level of realisations from distressed assets, recovery for creditors, and turnaround of companies that have emerged from the resolution process.

• Replying to the debate on the Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Amendment) Bill 2026, Ms. Sitharaman said the point of the IBC was not debt recovery, but the rescue of viable businesses and addressing their financial stress.
• “The IBC is a framework for rescuing viable businesses and resolving financial stress while preserving the enterprise value,” Ms. Sitharaman said. “It was never intended to be a debt-recovery tool. Recovery values are a by-product,” she added.
• She said, the IBC process is market-driven and recoveries reflect the underlying asset quality and commercial viability of the distressed enterprise. “The IBC actually realises 94.95% of the fair value of the company at the time of admission,” she said.
• The Lok Sabha passed the Bill to amend the insolvency law to provide for strict timelines, an out-of-court settlement option and enable the framework for cross-border insolvency processes.

April-February fiscal deficit at 80% of FY 26 target
Context: India’s fiscal deficit in April-February was ₹12.5 trillion ($132 billion) or 80.4% of the estimate for the financial year ending March 31, government data showed.

• Net tax receipts stood at ₹21.5 trillion, an increase from ₹20.2 trillion collected in the same period a year ago.

NHAI on track to secure asset monetisationof ₹30,000 cr.
Context: The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) said it is on track to meet the Centre’s budgeted target of ₹30,000 crore for asset monetisation in the current financial year.

• The NHAI said it has already mobilised ₹28,307 crore through a mix of Public and Private Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT) and the Toll-Operate-Transfer (TOT) model.
• Bids for TOT Bundle-19 have been received and are currently under technical evaluation, NHAI said.
• Last financial year, NHAI monetised assets for a total of ₹28,724 crore.

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Iranian Parliament mulls possible exit from nuclear treaty
Context: Iran’s Parliament is reviewing a possible exit from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Foreign Ministry spokesperson Esmail Baghaei said on Monday, while insisting that Tehran has not and will not seek nuclear weapons.

• Iran says its nuclear programme is for peaceful purpose and that as a signatory of the NPT it has the right to peaceful nuclear enrichment.

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament.
Opened for signature in 1968 and entering into force in 1970, it represents the only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon states.

The Three Pillars of the NPT
The treaty is generally interpreted as a “grand bargain” between the Nuclear-Weapon States (NWS) and the Non-Nuclear-Weapon States (NNWS) based on three central pillars:

1. Non-Proliferation
   Nuclear-Weapon States (NWS): Defined as those that manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to January 1, 1967 (USA, Russia, UK, France, and China). They agree not to transfer nuclear weapons to any recipient.
   Non-Nuclear-Weapon States (NNWS): Agree not to receive, manufacture, or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons. They must also accept International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards to verify that their nuclear activities remain peaceful.
2. Disarmament
   Under Article VI, all parties undertake to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to the cessation of the nuclear arms race and to nuclear disarmament.
   This is often a point of contention, as NNWS frequently argue that the NWS have not made sufficient progress toward total elimination of their arsenals.
3. Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy
   The treaty recognizes the “inalienable right” of all parties to develop research, production, and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes (such as medicine, agriculture, and power generation) without discrimination.

Membership and Universalization
The NPT has the widest adherence of any arms control agreement, with 191 states parties. However, its “universality” faces challenges:
Non-Signatories: India, Israel, and Pakistan have never signed the treaty. South Sudan is also a non-signatory.
Withdrawal: North Korea joined the NPT but announced its withdrawal in 2003, subsequently conducting nuclear tests.

India’s Position: India has consistently refused to sign the NPT, viewing it as discriminatory. India argues that the treaty creates a “nuclear haves” and “nuclear have-nots” divide by imposing restrictions on non-nuclear states while failing to mandate a concrete, time-bound plan for disarmament by the five recognized nuclear powers.

Challenges and Current Context
As we look at the global security landscape in 2026, the NPT faces several modern pressures:
Modernization of Arsenals: Many NWS are currently upgrading their nuclear delivery systems, which critics argue contradicts the spirit of Article VI.
Review Conferences: Held every five years, these conferences are intended to assess the treaty’s implementation. Recent sessions have struggled to reach a consensus Final Document due to geopolitical tensions.

TPNW: The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), which entered into force in 2021, was born out of frustration with the perceived slow pace of disarmament under the NPT. While many NNWS support it, nuclear-armed states and NATO members generally do not.

Key Terminology
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency): The “nuclear watchdog” of the UN, responsible for verifying that states comply with their NPT obligations.
Additional Protocol: A legal document granting the IAEA expanded rights of access to information and locations in a state to provide assurances regarding both declared and undeclared nuclear activities.

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

Centre eyes new regulation to cover social media users
Context: It plans to amend IT Rules and allow I&B Ministry to send takedown notices to individual users for posts; Internet Freedom Foundation calls it ‘massive expansion of unconstitutional censorship’.

• The Union government is planning to allow the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (I&B) to send takedown notices to individual users for their social media posts. Under the IT Rules, 2021, the Ministry could issue such notices only to online news platforms.
• In addition, any advisories to social media platforms by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology would, if not complied with, affect the firms’ so-called “safe harbour”, allowing them to be held liable in court for users’ content.
• These changes have been put forth in a draft amendment on Monday to the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, which were amended as recently as February.
• In an explanatory memorandum to the proposed amendment, the IT Ministry said that the addition of individual user posts was a “[c]larification of applicability” of those rules to “news and current affairs content hosted by non-publisher users”.
• In a statement, Internet Freedom Foundation (IFF), an Indian digital rights advocacy organisation, decried the proposal as a “massive expansion of unconstitutional censorship and regulatory power”.
• The Ministry said these “amendments are clarificatory and procedural in nature and are intended to improve legal certainty, strengthen enforceability of Ministry directions, and ensure effective oversight of intermediary-hosted content, particularly news and current affairs.”
• IFF pushed back on that claim, pointing to a key change in the proposal – an inter-departmental committee (IDC) to hear appeals against complaint outcomes, which broadened its mandate. “The original Rule 14(2) required the IDC to hear “complaints regarding violation or contravention of the Code of Ethics.” “The amended version removes this requirement entirely.The IDC now hears: (a) grievances arising from decisions at Level I or II; or (b) “matters” referred to by the Ministry.”
• The government uses Section 79 of the IT Act, under which the IT Rules were notified, to warn social media platforms that content under a takedown notice, if retained, would lead to the loss of their safe harbour. Since February’s amendment abruptly changed takedown timelines to retain safe harbour to two-three hours from 24-36 hours, Meta has been taking down more posts and accounts under such notices. Blocking orders that are more legally binding are issued under Section 69A.
• IFF accused the Centre of trying to sidestep orders by the Madras and Bombay High Courts, which have stayed certain parts of the IT Rules. “The cumulative effect of the amendments to Rules 8 and 14 is to reconstruct the oversight machinery that the Bombay and Madras High Courts found constitutionally suspect, in a form designed to evade the interim orders,” IFF said.

Several notices

• The government has been increasingly issuing broad takedown orders in the past few weeks against posts and accounts that are anti-establishment, and ones that mocked Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Asked about the recent spurt in takedowns, IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw said that the Centre was targeting “AI-generated deepfakes” and “fake news”.

Paper-V: General Studies 4

On the implications of euthanasia
Context: The Supreme Court reaffirmed the right to die with dignity under Article 21, allowing withdrawal of life support and emphasising patient autonomy; it shows a shift towards dignity and relief from suffering, while raising concerns about misuse and social inequality.

• The recent judgment by the Supreme Court in the Harish Rana v. Union of India (2026) case has raised questions regarding the ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) of passive euthanasia.
• Euthanasia is related to the right to die with dignity, which was recognised by the Supreme Court in Common Cause v. Union of India (2018). The court held that the right to die with dignity is inseparable from the right to receive quality palliative care. Hence, in the Harish Rana case, the court, for the first time, allowed the withdrawal of the applicant’s Clinically Assisted Nutrition and Hydration (CANH).
• The court had held in the Common Cause case that the right to die with dignity is an integral part of the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution. Allowing passive euthanasia and recognising the Advance Medical Directives (living wills) for terminally ill patients to refuse life-prolonging treatment was laid down in Aruna Shanbaug v. Union of India (2011). Following this, in Common Cause v. Union of India (2023), the court streamlined the process of passive euthanasia, making its implementation easier.
• In the new guidelines, the court changed the requirement for two medical boards, a hospital board and a district-level board, refining it to make the process smoother, and mandatory immediate judicial oversight in every case was removed. While addressing advance directives (living wills), the court emphasised patient autonomy, allowing individuals to refuse life-sustaining treatment and die naturally with dignity.
• Considering the above, a few questions arise regarding euthanasia and its relevance in India. First, whether granting passive euthanasia is ethical. It is logically perceived that birth and death are natural processes; hence, nature should decide when a person dies and how the body responds to illness. In this context, any interference with the rules of nature may be considered unethical.
• However, it is also a fact that life is the period between birth and death, and it is spent in a society where dignity is of utmost importance. Life, therefore, can be viewed as more sociological than biological. Both the birth and the death should be dignified. In this context, the right to die with dignity assumes greater significance.

Ethical aspects of euthanasia

• The ethical principles enshrined in this act of granting passive euthanasia further clarify this issue. The primary and probably the most significant aspect is the principle of autonomy, which grants the patient — or, in cases of terminal illness, their next of kin — the right to make decisions. Second is the principle of beneficence, which is related to the patient’s benefit, which the doctors treating the patient should consider. Third is the principle of non-maleficence, which suggests that the decision to allow passive euthanasia should not cause harm. Finally, the principle of justice must be protected to ensure that no injustice is done to the patient.
• Apart from these principles, we may look at the decision from the viewpoint of the Theory of Double Effect proposed by St. Thomas Aquinas. According to this theory, every action creates two effects, and the one that is less harmful or beneficial should be considered ethical. In the case of passive euthanasia, the action — withdrawal of life support, or CANH in the Harish Rana case — leads to two effects. First, the death of the patient, and second, relief from suffering. If the decision is taken without malice, the act can be considered ethical as the patient was relieved of his pain.

Social implications

• The right to die with dignity or passive euthanasia in India reflects a progressive but cautious approach, mainly due to a transition in societal values. This transition is from rigid moral traditions to a more compassionate, rights-based approach. While it promotes dignity, autonomy, and relief from suffering, it also raises concerns about misuse, ethical conflicts, and social inequality. There has also been a transition from the social attitude of protecting life at any cost to the quality of life being more important than its length.
• Another major implication is economic in nature, as long-term life-support treatment without any hope of recovery would put the family under severe economic stress, especially in the middle- and lower-income groups. In this context, the right to die with dignity appears to be justified.
• Further, social implications may include its possible misuse and especially vulnerable people like the elderly, disabled and poor may face coercion. This may create a situation where the decision may be driven by financial constraints, social neglect, and family pressure. Hence, critics may point out that it would amount to disguised abandonment.
• The court has taken utmost care while delivering the judgment and stated that “passive euthanasia is an obsolete and incorrect term, and should not be used either in common usage or legal writing and discussions”. It unnecessarily confuses the legal position on the issue, as the debate cannot be neatly divided into ‘acts’ and ‘omissions’. Further, the court also held that the patient is not abandoned by withdrawing or withholding medical treatment. Palliative and end-of-life care must continue for these patients.

Source: The Hindu

KAS Current Affairs

KAS Current Affairs: Current Affairs is the living pulse of the KPSC syllabus. It is not a standalone subject to be memorized in isolation; rather, it is a dynamic thread that weaves together History, Economy, Polity, and Ethics across both the Preliminary and Main stages. In the context of the upcoming examinations, transitioning from simply “reading the news” to “studying the syllabus through the news” is the critical shift that separates a serious aspirant from a casual reader.

The “Syllabus-First” Philosophy
By following a current affairs pattern strictly mapped to the KPSC syllabus, you ensure that every hour spent reading the newspaper is an hour spent building your exam rank.

Preliminary Examination

Paper-I: Current Events of National and International Importance

Gyan Bharatam Survey & App

• This is a massive national undertaking to digitize and catalog India’s vast, often undocumented, wealth of ancient knowledge.
• Objective: To create a comprehensive national database of manuscripts (handwritten documents on palm leaves, paper, bark, or cloth) scattered across private collections, temples, and local libraries.
• The App: The Gyan Bharatam App serves as a crowdsourcing platform where citizens can upload images and metadata of manuscripts in their possession.
• Verification Process: To ensure academic and historical integrity, every entry submitted by the public undergoes a multi-tier verification by experts before being officially recorded in the national register.
• Significance: It prevents the physical loss of ancient texts and makes India’s intellectual heritage accessible for global research in fields like Ayurveda, Astronomy, Mathematics, and Literature.

MY Bharat Budget Quest

• Operating under the MY Bharat (Madhyamik Yuva Bharat) platform, this initiative focuses on “Jan Bhagidari” (People’s Participation) in economic policy.
• Objective: To demystify the Union Budget and policymaking process for the youth, fostering a generation that understands fiscal responsibility and national priorities.
• Format: A nationwide digital quiz and quest that challenged participants on various aspects of the 2026-27 Budget, including key schemes, allocations, and economic concepts like the 11G Model Economy.
• Scale of Participation: Approximately 12 lakh (1.2 million) youth participated, signaling a high level of interest in how the country’s finances are managed.
• Strategic Goal: By connecting youth with the budget, the government aims to increase transparency and ensure that the “Amrit Kaal” goals are understood by the primary stakeholders—the young population.

Paper-II: Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

How delayed polls choked city’s air quality
Context: The delay in holding civic body polls has not only affected local administration in Bengaluru but has also led to the stalling of a whopping ₹1,475.90 crore under the 15th Finance Commission’s million-plus cities challenge, aimed at improving air quality.

• While the stalled funds themselves appear mammoth, the impact of losing them has also affected air quality and particulate matter levels in Bengaluru, which have seen a steady rise over the last five years. For example, the Air Quality Index (AQI), which earlier averaged between the 60s and 90s in the city, has now crossed the 120 mark. In March 2026, the highest recorded AQI stood at 141, according to the city AQI dashboard.

What is the programme?

• The Union government launched the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) in 2019 to improve air quality across the country. Cities receive funds to improve air quality either under NCAP or under the 15th Finance Commission’s scheme called the million-plus cities challenge, a performance-based incentive for air quality improvement and solid waste management. Bengaluru was deemed eligible to receive grants from the 15th Finance Commission.
• Accordingly, documents accessed by The Hindu show that Bengaluru received funds for two consecutive financial years, FY 2021–22 and FY 2022–23. However, after that, the city received no funding.
• According to Greater Bengaluru Authority (GBA) sources, the criteria to receive grants were amended in 2023, making it mandatory to have an elected urban local body. For the erstwhile Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) area, civic polls were last held in 2015, and councillors’ terms ended in 2020, after which elections have not been conducted.
• As a result, BBMP has missed out on securing ₹1,475.90 crore, which could have been used to address the rising levels of Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) in the city.
• Compounding the problem, BBMP also failed to utilise the funds it had earlier received. Between 2021 and 2023, the 15th Finance Commission released ₹572 crore under the Solid Waste Management (SWM) component and ₹256 crore under the air quality component.
• Although the local body had ₹828 crore at its disposal, its utilisation began only in 2023, according to the PRAANA portal set up to monitor the release and usage of funds.

Where were the funds used?

• Recently, Bangalore Central MP P.C. Mohan raised a question in the Lok Sabha regarding NCAP/15th Finance Commission funds allocated to Bengaluru and their utilisation.
• The response showed that Bengaluru has used the funds to plant green cover over 1,25,290 square metres, collect 2,72,000 tonnes of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, procure and deploy 127 new electric buses, and intervene at 20 traffic congestion points, among several other measures.
• In what comes as a welcome move, the civic authority has finally started discussions on improving air quality and greening urban spaces. According to GBA sources, Chief Commissioner M. Maheshwar Rao has been emphasising the need to green urban spaces and median lines during meetings.
• “Once GBA elections are conducted and a local governance body is elected, we will be eligible for funds and start receiving them. The action plan for intervention is ready, and we have obtained government approval,” a GBA source told The Hindu.
• Further, a city-level monitoring and implementation committee has been formed to oversee the approved city action plan. An emergency response plan has also been prepared to tackle air pollution during critical situations. The committee has identified nine hotspots (high-emission zones), and action plans have been formulated to address them.

Main Examination

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1: Topic of International/National Importance

Essay-2: Topic of State importance/Local Importance

Paper-II: General Studies 1

Russia’s Baltic port of Ust-Luga

In the current geopolitical landscape of March 2026, Russia’s Ust-Luga port has emerged as a high-stakes flashpoint. As one of Russia’s most critical energy export hubs on the Baltic Sea, it has become a primary target in the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

Strategic Importance of Ust-Luga
Located approximately 110 km west of St. Petersburg, Ust-Luga is a multi-purpose port that serves as Russia’s “Western Gateway.”

• Energy Hub: It is a vital artery for the export of crude oil, gas condensate, and refined petroleum products. It handles approximately 700,000 to 1.15 million barrels of oil per day.
• Revenue Source: The port is essential for generating the foreign currency that sustains Russia’s economy. Together with the nearby port of Primorsk, it handles nearly 45% of Russia’s seaborne crude exports.
• Global Reach: Much of the oil from Ust-Luga is destined for markets in Asia, specifically India and China, especially as European markets remain largely closed due to sanctions.

Impact on Global Markets
The disruption at Ust-Luga is happening simultaneously with the U.S.-Israel-Iran war in West Asia, creating a “perfect storm” for global energy:

• Price Surge: With the Strait of Hormuz effectively closed or restricted and Ust-Luga offline, global oil prices have soared past $100 per barrel.
• Supply Shock: The combined disruption across these major nodes has removed millions of barrels from the daily global supply, causing acute stress in aviation, shipping, and fertilizer production.
• Sanction Easing: Due to these extreme price pressures, the U.S. Treasury recently issued temporary licenses (March 12, 2026) to allow some Russian oil already at sea to reach markets, despite ongoing sanctions.

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

Despite assurance from Centre, MGNREGS workers denied work
Context: From Bihar to Rajasthan, thousands of rural workers say work has been halted; as the Centre continues talks with the States on the VB-G RAM G Act, some district officials say they have been directed not to start new work under the old scheme.

• For the past 87 days, MGNREGS workers have been protesting at the Muzaffarpur district headquarters in Bihar. The Union government had assured them that until the Viksit Bharat-Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) (VB-G RAM G) Act, 2025, passed by Parliament in December, is rolled out, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) will continue unchanged. But on the ground, workers say the story is very different.
• The protest in Muzaffarpur began on January 2. Nearly 12,000 workers in the district have not received work for the past three or four months — even before the new rural employment law was introduced.

Uncertainty continues

• There is no clarity on when the new scheme under the VB-G RAM G Act will be implemented on the ground, as the Centre is still holding talks with the States to establish the necessary framework.
• “Usually, no work is given during the rain. We waited for the monsoon to end, then for the waterlogged areas to drain. By December, the MGNREGA season normally begins. But despite repeated demand, no work has been provided.
• This is a blatant violation of the law,” said Sanjay Sahni of MGNREGA Watch-Bihar, an organisation working with rural workers. Facing repeated rejections, around 16,000 workers — most of them women — gathered at the district headquarters to demand work. A delegation also travelled to Delhi on March 25 to meet senior officials in the Rural Development Ministry.
• “The district officials claim they have instructions not to start any new work. But the Ministry officials insist that no such order exists,” Mr. Sahni said. He wonders whether it is lack of information or whether there is an informal signal from the Centre to stop all work under the MGNREGS.

Ground reality

• In Dungarpur district of Rajasthan, similar complaints have emerged. At Balwarha panchayat, around 40 women workers arrived on March 23 to complete paperwork for April’s work cycle. Panchayat officials asked them to return later, citing a lack of clarity. On Saturday, they were told that the MGNREGS had been discontinued and no further work would be available under the scheme.
• At Padarmarhi Mewarha panchayat, nearly 30 women workers sat for four hours last Friday, demanding work for the first week of April. Local officials initially claimed that directions had been issued not to start new MGNREGS works. After the women refused to leave, their applications were eventually accepted, but uncertainty continues whether any work will actually be assigned.
• “For each household, MGNREGA work brings in about ₹25,000 to ₹28,000 annually. In some women-led households, MGNREGA and government pensions are the only sources of income,” said Madhulika of the Rajasthan Asangathit Mazdoor Union.
• “There are no formal orders. The VB-G RAM G Act clearly states that until it is implemented, MGNREGA will continue. But on the ground, we are being told otherwise,” she said.

Paper-V: General Studies 4

Source: The Hindu