KAS Current Affairs

Preliminary Examination

Paper-I: Current Events of National and International Importance

Paper-II: Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

Main Examination

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1:

“Critically analyze India’s multi-alignment strategy in a multipolar global system.”

Essay – 2:

“Evaluate Karnataka’s contribution to India’s renewable energy mission, especially in terms of solar and wind power projects.”

Paper-II: General Studies 1

New GDP data set to capture economy more accurately: Ministry of Statistics
Context: The new series of national accounts to be released on Friday is the culmination of a wide consultative process, spanning multiple sub-committees, and incorporating many changes.

• The new series of national accounts data to be released will incorporate several methodological and statistical upgrades that will make India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Value Added (GVA) data more accurate and granular.
• These upgrades include better methodologies, and the inclusion of new data sets, such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST) data.
• The most visible of the changes in the national accounts data is that the base year will be updated from 2011-12 to 2022-23, making both the GDP and GVA data more accurate representations of the current economy, while also improving comparisons over time periods.
• The Sub-Committee on Methodological Improvements proposed several sector-wise improvements that have been implemented.
• For instance, for the non-financial private corporate sector, the currently-used 2011-12 series of data deals with companies that operate across sectors by allocating that entire company’s GVA to the sector in which the bulk of its activity is.
• In the new series, the activity-wise revenue share for a company is being used to calculate the value added in each business activity. This will help capture all the activity in each sector.
• Another improvement, to do with the general government sector, is that the new series will also include the value of the housing services provided by governments to their employees. This will mean that the value of services provided is more accurately captured when measuring the output of the general government.
• Further, the coverage of autonomous institutes and local bodies has also been enhanced.
• For households, the new series will use the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) on an annual basis instead of extrapolating data as was done in the 2011-12 series. This will mean that the household sector, which has a significant contribution to the economy, is directly estimated each year.
• Another major component of the economy — private final consumption expenditure, or basically consumption spending by the people — will also be measured in a more granular manner through the enhanced use of Household Consumer Expenditure Surveys and direct estimation based on production and other data sources.

New data sources

• The new series of national accounts data will also include new data sources and will use existing sources better. For example, GST data was so far being used in the quarterly accounts of GDP and GVA, and only for some sectors in the annual data.
• In the new series, GST data will be used to better estimate the regional output of private corporations, and will also be used to more accurately determine the contribution of the value added by private companies to the GDP of the country. The GST data will also be used to identify active private companies to improve the accuracy of estimating the value added by non-reporting companies. This will ensure that output and value added data more accurately captures what is happening on the ground.
• The Sub-Committee on Incorporation for New Data Sources, Rates and Ratios also noted that States have enhanced their reporting of data from local bodies and state autonomous bodies, which will increase the amount of data that can be directly estimated rather than imputed.
• The new series will use the Statistical Table Related to Banks in India (STRBI) published by the Reserve Bank of India to estimate the activity of both public sector banks as well as private sector banks. Further, the earlier proxy-based approach to estimate the activity of private Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) is being replaced by the use of actual financial data of NBFCs from the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
• Overall, the ASUSE data has been used more effectively to capture aspects that were earlier not being included accurately.

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Bulldozer Justice, Constitutional Morality, and the Doctrine of Due Process

The recent observations of the Allahabad High Court on so-called “bulldozer justice” have reignited an important constitutional debate: Can the executive demolish property immediately after registration of an FIR? More fundamentally, what is the scope of due process of law and procedure established by law in India?

The Court has questioned whether demolitions carried out soon after criminal allegations—without notice, hearing, or adjudication—violate constitutional guarantees under Articles 14 (Equality), 21 (Life and Personal Liberty), and 300A (Right to Property). The issue touches the very heart of constitutional governance and separation of powers.

1. What is “Bulldozer Justice”?

“Bulldozer justice” refers to the practice of demolishing properties allegedly linked to accused persons immediately after criminal incidents. While authorities claim such actions are taken under municipal laws against illegal constructions, courts have increasingly examined whether such demolitions are:

• Punitive in nature
• Targeted selectively
• Executed without procedural safeguards
• Intended as extra-judicial punishment

The core constitutional question is:
Can the executive punish without judicial determination of guilt?

2. Constitutional Framework

(A) Article 21 – Right to Life and Personal Liberty

“No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.”

This article forms the backbone of due process protection in India.

(B) Article 14 – Equality Before Law

State action must not be arbitrary, selective, or discriminatory.

(C) Article 300A – Right to Property

No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.

Demolition without legal procedure directly engages Article 300A.

3. Due Process of Law vs Procedure Established by Law

(1) Procedure Established by Law (Indian Model – Original Understanding)

Initially interpreted narrowly, it meant:

• As long as there is a validly enacted law
• And procedure prescribed by that law is followed
• The deprivation is constitutionally valid

The focus was on formal legality, not fairness.

(2) Due Process of Law (American Concept)

This doctrine requires:

• Law must be just, fair, and reasonable
• Procedure must not be arbitrary
• Courts can examine substantive fairness of law

It protects both:

• Procedural due process
• Substantive due process

4. Judicial Evolution in India

Indian constitutional jurisprudence has transformed Article 21 from a narrow procedural protection into a robust due process guarantee.

(1) A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)

• Early narrow interpretation
• Court held: If there is a law and procedure is followed, Article 21 is satisfied
• No need to test fairness of the procedure

This reflected a strict “procedure established by law” approach.

(2) Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) – Landmark Judgment

This case revolutionized Article 21.

The Supreme Court held:

• Procedure must be “right, just and fair”
• Not arbitrary, fanciful, or oppressive
• Articles 14, 19, and 21 are interconnected

This effectively incorporated substantive due process into Indian constitutional law.

Now, any state action must satisfy:

• Non-arbitrariness (Article 14)
• Fair procedure (Article 21)
• Reasonableness (Article 19)

5. Due Process and Demolition Jurisprudence

(A) Re: Directions in the Matter of Demolition of Structures (2024)

The Supreme Court clarified:

• Property cannot be demolished merely because owner is accused.
• Municipal powers cannot be used as punitive tools.
• Guilt must be determined by courts.
• Executive cannot assume judicial function.

This reinforces:

• Presumption of innocence
• Separation of powers
• Procedural safeguards

(B) Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1985)

• Right to livelihood is part of Article 21.
• Even pavement dwellers must receive notice before eviction.

This case established that:
Even unauthorized occupants cannot be removed without due process.

(C) State of West Bengal v. Anwar Ali Sarkar (1952)

Established that:

• Arbitrary classification violates Article 14.

Selective demolitions may violate equality.

(D) K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)

Though about privacy, this case reaffirmed:

• Constitutional morality
• Proportionality
• Due process embedded in Article 21

6. What Does Due Process Require in Demolition Cases?

Before demolition, authorities must:

1. Identify legal violation
2. Issue written notice
3. Provide reasonable opportunity of hearing
4. Pass reasoned order
5. Allow appeal
6. Ensure action is proportionate
7. Avoid targeting based on criminal allegations alone

If demolition happens immediately after FIR:

• It suggests punitive intent
• Violates presumption of innocence
• May amount to colourable exercise of power

7. Colourable Exercise of Power

In administrative law, this means:

Using a lawful power for an unlawful objective.

Example:

• Municipal demolition power used to punish an accused person.

Even if form is legal, substance may be unconstitutional.

8. Larger Constitutional Concerns

(A) Separation of Powers

• Judiciary determines guilt.
• Executive enforces law.
• Executive cannot impose punishment.

(B) Presumption of Innocence

Demolition before conviction undermines criminal justice principles.

(C) Rule of Law

Arbitrary state action erodes trust in constitutional governance.

9. Preventive Judicial Intervention

High Courts under Article 226 and Supreme Court under Article 32 can:

• Stay demolition
• Protect fundamental rights
• Enforce procedural safeguards

Courts have increasingly intervened to:

• Prevent irreversible harm
• Ensure accountability

10. Balancing Governance and Rights

Urban planning laws are valid and necessary. Illegal constructions can be demolished.

However:

• Demolition must be regulatory, not punitive.
• It must be neutral and uniform.
• It cannot be selective or exemplary.

Conclusion

The debate around bulldozer justice is not about development versus illegality. It is about constitutional discipline.

India’s constitutional jurisprudence has evolved from a narrow “procedure established by law” model to a robust due process framework where:

• Law must be fair.
• Procedure must be reasonable.
• State action must not be arbitrary.
• Punishment must follow judicial determination.

Bulldozers may serve urban governance.
They cannot replace courts of law.

The Allahabad High Court’s scrutiny is therefore not merely administrative—it is a reaffirmation of constitutional morality, rule of law, and due process as the bedrock of democratic governance.

Creidits: ChatGPT

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

IIA uses radio telescope, Aditya-L1 satellite payload to make key solar observation
Context: Astronomers from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have made observations of shocks driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the Sun by using its Gauribidanur radio telescope and Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) payload onboard Aditya-L1 satellite.

Thunder-like noise

• A sonic boom is a thunder-like noise that occurs when the speed of an aircraft traveling through the air faster than the speed of sound.
• Similarly, fast CMEs from the Sun drive shocks near the Earth leading to space weather disturbances. “These shocks are primarily driven by the same set of CMEs, all the way from near the Sun through the interplanetary space. Shocks near the Sun are the birth stage of the shocks observed near Earth. The characteristic signatures of the shocks near the Sun are intense transient emission observed primarily with ground-based radio telescopes at low frequencies, typically <150 MHz,” the IIA team.
• The IIA operates a radio telescope in the above frequency range, at the Gauribidanur radio observatory, located about 100 km north of Bengaluru. It is presently the only low-frequency radio telescope for dedicated observations of the Sun.
• The team said that with the launch of VELC, built by IIA, it has become possible to identify the CMEs that give rise to the shocks, particularly near the Sun and in the visible wavelength range. Combining data obtained with the Gauribidanur radio facility and VELC, the VELC team at IIA has precisely estimated the onset distance of the shock due to the CME that occurred on May 27, 2024. It is approximately 130,000 km from the Sun. The shock driven by the CME propagated at a speed of approximately 1,700 km per second near the Sun.
• This is the closest distance from the Sun at which a CME driven shock and the associated radio transient have been observed unambiguously as on date.
• The present result would not have been possible but for the unique low-frequency observing capability of the Gauribidanur radio telescope and the possibility to observe the near-Sun solar corona with the VELC. The results will appear soon in the Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy, a leading international journal.
• Continuous and coordinated observations of the Sun with Gauribidanur facilities and VELC during the current maximum phase of the ongoing sunspot cycle 25, as well as beyond, are expected to identify CME driven shocks as close as thirty thousand kilometers from the Sun.

Paper-V: General Studies 4

Ethics Case Study – Human–Elephant Conflict in Chikkamagaluru District
Background:
In the hilly regions of Chikkamagaluru district, a herd of wild elephants has repeatedly entered villages, causing damage to agricultural crops and creating fear among residents. In a recent incident, around 30–35 elephants entered farmland and destroyed crops such as coffee, maize, and other produce. Farmers have suffered significant financial losses and are demanding immediate compensation and effective action to drive the elephants back into the forest.

The Forest Department has initiated operations to push the elephants away. However, certain wildlife activists argue that capturing or relocating the elephants may not be appropriate and could disturb ecological balance. The situation presents a complex challenge involving environmental conservation, human safety, and livelihood protection.

You are the District Collector responsible for addressing the issue and ensuring both immediate relief and long-term solutions.
Ethical Issues Involved
1.Human safety vs Wildlife conservation
2.Farmers’ livelihoods vs Ecological balance
3.Immediate action vs Sustainable long-term measures
4.Emotional public pressure vs Scientific decision-making
5.Public demand vs Legal and environmental regulations

Stakeholders
Local farmers and villagers
Forest Department officials
Wildlife experts
Animal rights organizations
District administration
State government

Options Available
Option 1:
Capture and relocate the elephants immediately.

Option 2:
Strengthen temporary protection measures around villages and provide financial compensation to farmers.

Option 3:
Develop a long-term strategy to reduce human–wildlife conflict (e.g., elephant corridors, solar fencing, rapid response teams).

KAS Current Affairs

Current Events of National and International Importance

U.S. slaps 126% levy on Indian solar imports
Context: Tariffs were slapped on India, Indonesia and Laos following an ongoing probe; In FY23, India exported $1 billion worth photovoltaics to the U.S.

• The Trump administration slapped 126% levy on solar cell imports from India following a ‘preliminary’ determination that subsidised exports from Indian firms were hurting the competitiveness of U.S. solar firms and contravened World Trade Organization agreements on subsidies.
• The tariffs were collectively imposed on February 24 on India, Indonesia and Laos following a probe by the U.S. Department of Commerce on a complaint by the Alliance for American Solar Manufacturing and Trade, a coalition of leading U.S. solar firms.
• Indian firms under the U.S. Commerce Ministry’s radar included Mundra Solar Energy Pvt. Ltd. and Mundra Solar PV Ltd. — both part of Adani Group — Premier Energies Photovoltaic Private Ltd., Waaree Energies Ltd. and Waaree Solar Americas. The department set initial rates of 86%-143% for Indonesia and 81% for Laos.

Framework deal

• This levy comes after New Delhi and Washington agreed on a framework for the India-U.S. trade deal to cut tariffs on India’s exports to 18% from 50% earlier. After this, the U.S. Supreme Court quashed Trump tariffs, calling them unconstitutional. President Trump then came up with a new 15% baseline duty on several imports.
• On February 24, per a notice on the U.S. Commerce Ministry site, it was Adani firms that were specifically named with a duty rates of 125.87% though these rates, as of now, apply to all Indian exporters.

Facts:

• Currently duties of up to 40% are imposed on such export of solar cells.
• According to data cited by U.S. authorities, Indian firms in 2022 exported 232 mega watts (MW) worth of solar cells which rose to 2049 MW in 2023 and 2297 MW in 2024.
• In 2022-23 $1,000 million worth photovoltaics were exported and that rose to $1,939.92 million in 2023-24. Exports stood at $954 million in April-December 2025.

Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

Gruha Arogya scheme to be expanded to GBA areas soon

Context: With the proposed rollout, the Health Department aims to replicate the rural model in urban areas, The State government will soon expand Gruha Arogya to Greater Bengaluru Authority (GBA) areas, marking a major step towards strengthening urban public health delivery.

• Gruha Arogya has recorded significant success in rural Karnataka, with dedicated health workers reaching over 35 lakh families and screening more than 1 crore people for 14 major non-communicable diseases.
• The programme has emerged as a model for doorstep preventive healthcare, with officials citing encouraging public response and measurable improvements in early detection.
• With the proposed rollout of Gruha Arogya 2.0 in GBA regions, the Health Department aims to replicate the rural model in urban areas, ensuring systematic household outreach, timely screening, and continuity of care.
• It seeks to shift the focus of public health from reactive treatment to proactive prevention.

State launches free prophylaxis treatment for haemophilia patients

Context: In a significant step toward improving the quality of life for those with rare genetic blood disorders, the Karnataka government launched the ‘Kusuma Sanjeevini’ programme.

• The initiative is aimed at providing high-end prophylactic treatment and emergency transport services free of cost to haemophilia patients across the State.

Treatment protocol

• Haemophilia, a rare inherited disorder where blood fails to clot normally due to a deficiency in coagulation factors VIII or IX, has long forced patients into a gruelling treatment cycle. Traditionally, patients required intravenous factor replacement therapy two-three times a week for life – a process that is particularly painful for children with difficult venous access.
• Under the new scheme, the State is introducing Emicizumab, a non-factor monoclonal antibody. Unlike traditional infusions, this drug is administered subcutaneously (under the skin) just once a month. Results from a pilot group of 200 patients showed “zero bleeds” over a year, suggesting the drug could effectively prevent the joint deformities and physical disabilities common in chronic cases.
• With this rollout, Karnataka becomes the first large State in South India, after Kerala, to implement a prophylactic programme of this scale. “By moving to a monthly subcutaneous dose, we are helping these patients, especially children, return to the mainstream of society, allowing them to attend school and play like their peers,” the Health Minister said during the launch.
• The State has sanctioned ₹42.55 crore for the programme, with ₹17 crore specifically dedicated to the procurement of the new drug. While the annual cost of treatment for a single patient can reach ₹5 lakh, the government will provide it entirely free of charge.
• Currently, 2,621 haemophilia cases are registered in Karnataka, including 2,089 with Haemophilia-A. The State has identified 1,000 high-risk patients to be transitioned to this new prophylactic regimen immediately.

Free transport

• To further ease the burden on families, the government launched a dedicated 108 ambulance “pick-up and drop” service. Given that bleeding episodes can quickly become life-threatening, these ambulances will ensure rapid transport to any of the 36 Integrated Treatment Centres for Hemoglobinopathies and Haemophilia (ICHH) located across the State.

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1:

From Meritocracy to Performance Governance: The Case for Public Service Reforms.

Essay – 2:

Socioeconomic Survey of Gender Minorities and Devadasis in Karnataka: A Step Towards Inclusive Policy-Making? Discuss.

Paper-II: General Studies 1

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

What are carbon capture and utilisation technologies?

• Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) refers to a set of technologies that capture carbon dioxide emissions from industrial sources or directly from the air and convert them into useful products.
• This process removes carbon from the atmosphere and puts it into the economy as inputs for fuels, chemicals, building materials, or polymers. Unlike carbon capture and storage, where captured CO₂ is permanently stored underground rather than reused, CCU uses up the captured carbon.

Where does India stand today?

• India has begun supporting CCU through research funding from the Department of Science and Technology which has created a specific research and development roadmap for these technologies.
• The draft 2030 roadmap for Carbon Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) presented by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural gas has identified projects that can be used for CCUS purposes. In the private sector, Ambuja Cements (Adani Group) is working on an Indo-Swedish CCU pilot with IIT Bombay to convert captured CO₂ into fuels and materials.
• JK Cement is collaborating on a CCU testbed to capture CO₂ for applications such as lightweight concrete blocks and olefins. Beyond cement, Organic Recycling Systems Limited (ORSL) is leading India’s first pilot-scale Bio-CCU platform, valorising CO₂ from biogas streams into bio-alcohols and specialty chemicals.

What are other countries doing?

• The EU Bioeconomy Strategy and Circular Economy Action Plan explicitly supports CCU as a way to turn CO₂ into feedstocks for chemicals, fuels, and materials, linking it to circularity and sustainability targets.
• ArcelorMittal and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. are working with a climate tech company, D-CRBN, to trial a new technology to convert CO2 captured at ArcelorMittal’s plant in Gent, Belgium into carbon monoxide which can be used in steel and chemical production.
• The U.S. uses a combination of tax credits and funding to scale CCUs, particularly for CO₂-derived fuels and chemicals. The UAE’s Al Reyadah project and planned CO₂-to-chemicals hubs leverage CCU with green hydrogen.

What are the risks ahead?

• The foremost risk in scaling CCU in India is cost competitiveness. Capturing, purifying, and converting CO₂ is energy-intensive and expensive. Without policy incentives, CCU-derived products will struggle to compete with cheaper, fossil-based alternatives.
• A second risk lies in infrastructure readiness. CCU requires co-located industrial clusters, reliable transport of CO₂, and integration with downstream manufacturing, all of which are unevenly developed across Indian industrial regions.
• Finally, the absence of clear standards, certification, and market signals creates uncertainty for investors and limits demand for CO₂-derived products.
• India has taken positive steps through the development of roadmaps to achieving CCU, and their appropriate implementation will be necessary for achieving India’s goals.

Paper-V: General Studies 4

Ethics Case Study – Fire Safety Violations in Commercial Buildings
Background:
A recent fire incident in a densely populated commercial area in Bengaluru exposed serious lapses in fire safety compliance. The building, housing multiple small shops and businesses, reportedly did not have adequate fire safety measures such as emergency exits, functional fire extinguishers, and proper electrical wiring. Fortunately, no major casualties were reported, but the incident raised concerns about negligence, regulatory oversight, and public safety.
Preliminary reports indicate that the building had previously received notices from the fire department regarding non-compliance. However, corrective measures were either delayed or partially implemented. Allegations have also surfaced that inspections were conducted superficially, and enforcement action was weak.

You are a senior district administrative officer responsible for ensuring public safety and enforcing municipal regulations.

Ethical Issues Involved

1.Public Safety vs Commercial Interests – Ensuring safety standards while businesses argue that strict enforcement increases costs.
2.Regulatory Accountability vs Bureaucratic Negligence – Whether officials failed in their duty by not enforcing compliance.
3.Corruption vs Integrity – Possibility of collusion or bribery leading to overlooking violations.
4.Development vs Safety Standards – Balancing rapid urban growth with adherence to safety norms.
5.Justice for Victims vs Administrative Reputation – Protecting institutional credibility while ensuring accountability.

Stakeholders

• Shop owners and business operators
• Employees and customers
• Local residents
• Fire Department officials
• Municipal authorities
• District administration
• Insurance companies
• General public

Options Available
Option 1:
Seal the building immediately and initiate strict legal action against owners and responsible officials.

Option 2:
Issue fresh notices, provide time for compliance, and impose monetary penalties without sealing operations.

Option 3:
Order an independent inquiry into the incident, enforce immediate safety upgrades, fix accountability, and launch a city-wide safety audit.

KAS Current Affairs

Current Events of National and International Importance

₹9,072 cr. for three railway projects for various States

Context: The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approved three multi-tracking railway projects at a cost of ₹9,072 crore.

• The projects include the construction of a second line on the Gondia (Maharashtra)-Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) section and the addition of third and fourth lines between Punarakh and Kiul in Bihar, and between Gamharia and Chandil in Jharkhand.
• Spanning a total length of 307 km, the three projects are aimed at decongesting these busy sections. The proposed works are expected to enhance connectivity to nearly 5,407 villages, and improve rail connectivity to several prominent tourist destinations, including Kachnar Shiv Temple, Kanha National Park (Balaghat), and Pench National Park, among others.
• According to the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, the projects are being undertaken under the PM-Gati Shakti National Master Plan and aims to enhance multi-modal connectivity and logistics efficiency through integrated planning.

Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

Asha Kirana initiative reaches 1.4 cr. people across Karnataka

Context: 393 permanent vision centres have been established across district hospitals, taluk hospitals, and community health centres as part of the initiative to strengthen institutional services.

• The State Health Department’s flagship eye-care initiative, Asha Kirana, redesigned with the objective of eliminating preventable visual impairment, has facilitated free eye screenings for 1.4 crore people through ASHA workers since its launch in July 2025.

393 vision centres

• To tackle preventable blindness, the Health Department expanded and restructured the Asha Kirana programme under the National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCBVI).
• As part of this initiative to strengthen institutional services, 393 permanent Asha Kirana vision centres have been established across district hospitals, taluk hospitals, and community health centres.

Cataract surgeries

• Launched simultaneously on July 3, 2025, the centres provide comprehensive eye-care services, including vision screening, free distribution of spectacles, free cataract surgeries, and eye donation and collection services.
• While 1.4 crore people have been screened in these centres so far, over 2.91 lakh people have been provided free spectacles. A total of 4,19,972 cataract surgeries have been performed till January 2026, of which 58,582 were conducted in government hospitals and 3,61,390 in private hospitals, according to data.
• Aimed at increasing awareness and access to eye health services, particularly targeting cataracts and uncorrected refractive errors — the two major causes of vision impairment in the country — the programme was earlier carried out through doorstep screenings by ASHA workers and field staff from the department on a campaign mode. However, under the redesigned programme, people can visit the vision centres in public health facilities at their convenience and get screened for eye problems. This ensures continuous and accessible services.

WHO recognition

• Health Minister: The initiative has emerged as a source of hope for economically disadvantaged individuals who have lost vision due to various health conditions.
• “The World Health Organisation (WHO) has commended the programme, granting it global recognition. The WHO has also expressed interest in documenting the Asha Kirana model to examine the possibility of replicating the comprehensive eye-care framework in other States and countries,”.

Paper-I: Essays

Essay – 1:
Mobile Usage Regulation: Is It an Individual Responsibility or Does It Require Government Intervention? Discuss.

Essay – 2:
Guarantee Schemes: Instruments of Social Justice or Sources of Fiscal Stress?

Paper-II: General Studies 1

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Now, khata changes for farmlands can be done through mobile phones

Context: The Karnataka government launched an auto-mutation system that facilitates farmland owners to effect changes in khatas from their mobiles without visiting Revenue offices.

• Though this method was in force since 2024, it was confined to only instances where there was no need to issue notices. The new initiative would now allow changes in all instances to be made to khatas online.
• Aapplications under this facility could be made through the Bhoomi portal. There will be a notice period of seven days for general cases, during which objections could be filed by anyone through this portal. The khata would be changed automatically on the eight day if no objections were filed.
• However, the notice period would stretch for 15 days for cases that seek changes in khata owing to reasons other than registration. Even in these cases, the change would be automatically effected on the 16th day if there are no objections.

Union Cabinet nod for ‘Kerala’ to become ‘Keralam’

Context: The Kerala Assembly passed a resolution seeking name change on June 2024. The Union Cabinet approved the Kerala government’s proposal to change the State’s name from ‘Kerala’ to ‘Keralam’, the name used in the Malayalam language.

• The President will now refer the Kerala (Alteration of Name) Bill, 2026, to the Kerala Legislative Assembly to express its views, under the proviso to Article 3 of the Constitution of India.
• Once these views are received, the Union government will take further action to obtain the President’s recommendation to introduce the name change legislation in Parliament.
• The decision was taken at a Cabinet meeting chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at its first gathering at Seva Teerth, the new complex housing the Prime Minister’s Office.
• The move comes almost two years after the Kerala Assembly passed a resolution seeking the name change.
• The resolution, dated June 24, 2024, said: “The name of our State is ‘Keralam’ in Malayalam Language. States were formed on the basis of language on the 1st day of November, 1956. The Kerala Piravi Day is also on the 1st day of November. Since the time of national independence struggle, there has been a strong demand for the formation of United Kerala for the people speaking Malayalam language.
• But in the First Schedule to the Constitution the name of our State is recorded as ‘Kerala’. This Assembly unanimously appeal to the Central Government to take urgent steps as per Article 3 of the Constitution for modifying the name as ‘Keralam’.”
• The matter was considered in the Ministry of Home Affairs and, with the approval of Minister Amit Shah, the draft note was circulated to the Department of Legal Affairs and the Legislative Department of the Ministry of Law and Justice, for their comments. These departments concurred with the proposal to change the name.

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

Govt. to roll out free HPV vaccination programme

Context: The Union Health Ministry is set to launch a nation-wide Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme targeting girls aged 14.

• The vaccination will be voluntary and free of cost, ensuring equitable access across socio-economic groups.
• India will use Gardasil, a quadrivalent HPV vaccine, for protection from HPV types 16 and 18, which cause cervical cancer, and types 6 and 11.
• “Global and Indian scientific evidence confirms that a single dose provides robust and durable protection when administered to girls in the recommended age group,” a senior Health Ministry official said.
• “The nation-wide programme will target girls aged 14 years, an age at which the HPV vaccine offers maximum preventive benefit, well before potential exposure to the virus,” the official said.
• To ensure uninterrupted availability and quality, India has secured HPV vaccine supplies through a transparent, globally supported procurement mechanism.
• “Under India’s partnership with Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Gardasil vaccines, which are approved by India’s drug regulator and widely used internationally, have been made available for the national programme. The procurement follows stringent quality and cold chain standards, enabling the government to provide the vaccine free of cost to eligible girls across all States and Union Territories,’’ the official said.
• HPV vaccination under the national programme will be conducted exclusively at designated government health facilities, including the Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (Primary Health Centres), Community Health Centres, Sub-District and District Hospitals, and Government Medical Colleges.
• Each vaccination session will be carried out in the presence of trained medical officers, supported by skilled healthcare teams, and equipped for post-vaccination observation and management of any rare adverse events.
• Cervical cancer remains the second most common cancer among women in India, with nearly 80,000 new cases reported annually.

Paper-V: General Studies 4

Ethics Case Study – Factory Issue in Koppal District
Background:
In a village of Koppal district, the establishment of a new industrial factory has triggered significant public opposition. The government argues that the project will generate employment opportunities and promote regional economic development. However, local farmers and residents fear that the factory may cause environmental pollution, damage agricultural land, deplete water resources, and lead to health problems.
While the protests initially began peacefully, there are signs of rising tension and potential law-and-order concerns. As a district-level administrative officer, you are responsible for handling the situation. You must balance the need for industrial development with environmental protection, livelihood security, and public peace.

Ethical Issues Involved
1.Economic development vs Environmental protection
2.Job creation vs Protection of health and agriculture
3.Public interest vs Private corporate profit
4.Legal compliance vs Political and economic pressure
5.Transparency vs Administrative expediency

Stakeholders
Local farmers and villagers
The company establishing the factory
State government
District administration and police
Pollution Control Board
Environmental activists and civil society groups
Future job seekers

Options Available
Option 1:
Grant immediate approval for the factory to begin operations.

Option 2:
Temporarily halt the project and order a re-evaluation of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

Option 3:
Initiate dialogue with all stakeholders and attempt a negotiated solution with safeguards and compensatory measures.

Sources: The Hindu

KAS Current Affairs

Current Events of National and International Importance

India amends tax treaty with France, cuts dividend tax

• India has revised its three-decade-old tax treaty with France, which will help major French firms save millions of dollars in dividend levies, while it also broadens New Delhi’s powers to tax certain transactions, the finance ministry said.
• French firms holding at least 10% in an Indian entity will now pay a 5% tax on dividends, down from 10% earlier.
• For minority French shareholdings of under 10% in Indian companies, however, dividend tax will rise from 10% to 15%.reuters

RODTEP rates cut

• The Directorate General of Foreign Trade has amended the Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products Scheme so that the rate applicable for all products shall be limited to 50% of existing rates and, where applicable, 50% of the notified value caps, with immediate effect.

Current Events of State Importance and Important Government Schemes and Programs

Centre allocates ₹2,245.30 croreto Karnataka under SwachhBharat Mission-Urban 2.0

Context: The Union government has allocated ₹2,245.30 crore to Karnataka under the Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM-U) 2.0, with ₹83.53 crore ready to be released once the State submits a detailed action plan.

• The information was given by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in response to an issue raised in the Lok Sabha by MP for Bengaluru Central P.C. Mohan.
• According to the Ministry, out of the total ₹2,245.30 crore allocation, ₹709.30 crore has been earmarked for solid waste management. So far, projects worth ₹625.77 crore have been approved, and the State government has claimed ₹87.82 crore.
• An additional ₹83.53 crore will be released after the State prepares and submits a detailed action plan, gets it cleared by the State Level Technical Committee, and sends it to the Ministry for approval. Once approved, the funds must be transferred by the State government to urban local bodies for implementation.
• For Bengaluru alone, projects worth ₹512.68 crore have already been cleared, of which the Centre’s share is ₹128.16 crore. These projects include material recovery facilities with a combined capacity of 1,226.11 tonnes per day to sort and process waste, waste-to-energy plants capable of handling 460 tonnes per day, and sanitary landfills with a capacity of 800 tonnes per day.
• Plans also include transfer stations that can manage 6,081.74 tonnes per day, remediation of 100.49 lakh tonnes of legacy waste, and the procurement of 24 mechanical road sweepers.
• Mr. Mohan said substantial funds have already been allocated and approvals granted by the Centre, and that timely submission of the action plan by the State would ensure release of the remaining funds and speed up the development of modern waste management infrastructure in Bengaluru.

Paper-I: Essays

Essay-1: Topic of International/National Importance

“Technology becomes humane only when access becomes universal.”

Essay-2: Topic of State importance/Local Importance

Paper-II: General Studies 1

President unveils bustof Rajaji, hails move toshed ‘colonial mindset’

Context: President Droupadi Murmu unveiled the bust of C. Rajagopalachari at the Rashtrapati Bhavan, hailing it as a step towards “shedding the vestiges of colonial mindset”.

• The bust of Rajaji, the only Indian Governor-General of Independent India, has been installed at the Grand Open Staircase near Ashok Mandap and replaces that of Edwin Lutyens, the British architect who designed New Delhi.
• “This initiative is part of a series of steps being taken towards shedding the vestiges of the colonial mindset and embracing, with pride, the richness of India’s culture, heritage, timeless traditions and honouring those who served Bharat Mata with their extraordinary contributions,” said a statement from the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
• Ms. Murmu visited the venue of Rajaji Utsav that will be open to the public from February 24 to March 1. Speaking on the occasion, she said that when Rajaji arrived at the Government House (now known as Rashtrapati Bhavan), he placed portraits of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Mahatma Gandhi in his room.
• “Rajaji sent a clear message that while India was formally still a dominion, Swaraj had been fully established in the hearts of Indians. Thus, Rajaji set an inspiring example of mental decolonisation. His ideals are reflected in the national campaign adopted by the people of India to take pride in India’s heritage… Indian consciousness and connection with all Indians, especially the weaker sections, are reflected in Rajaji’s thoughts and actions,’’ she said.
• The President said that while India moved towards “Viksit Bharat”, icons such as Rajaji would inspire people with their ideas and ideals. She called for promoting the spirit of enterprise to fulfil his dreams.

‘State contributes one-fifth to India’s bioeconomy’

Context: Karnataka’s bioeconomy, a $39 billion enterprise, contributes over one-fifth to the national bioeconomy and over 10% to the Gross State Domestic Product as of 2025, said a newly launched report.

• Between 2023 and 2025, the State’s bioeconomy expanded from $31 billion to $39.2 billion, representing a cumulative rise of 26.5%; Karnataka also saw 218 new biotech start-ups being added in 2025 alone
• Karnataka’s bioeconomy, a $39 billion enterprise, contributes over one-fifth to the national bioeconomy and over 10% to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) as of 2025, observes a newly launched report.
• The Karnataka BioEconomy Report 2025, prepared by the Association of Biotechnology-Led Enterprises (ABLE) for the Karnataka government, was released.

Production-oriented

• Between 2023 and 2025, the State’s bioeconomy expanded from $31 billion to $39.2 billion, representing a cumulative rise of 26.5%.The growth has been attributed to a robust biopharmaceutical base , rapid bioindustrial diversification, and strong bioservices integration.
• “Karnataka’s innovation ecosystem — anchored in research institutions, start-ups, and global R&D centres— has transitioned from being research-heavy to production-oriented and globally competitive,” reads the report, which pins the State’s contribution to India’s bioeconomy at 20.63%.
• According to the report, Karnataka’s bioeconomy accounted for 10.51% of the GSDP in 2025. This is more than twice the share of the biotech sector to India’s GDP (4.57%).
• “This positions biotechnology not merely a scientific discipline but as an economic pillar central to the State’s development model,” notes the report.

Start-up numbers

• Karnataka’s biotech start-up ecosystem continued to grow, with 218 new biotech start-ups being added in 2025 alone, marking the highest annual start-up additions in three years. With this,the cumulative number of biotech start-ups in the State stands at 1,451,up from 1,233 in 2024.
• The State currently holds a 12–13% share of the national biotechnology start-up pool and more than75%of them startups are focused on life sciences and health-tech. Bengaluru accounts for about 54% of the biotech start-ups.
• Mysuru contributes around 8.7% to the bioeconomy of the State, while Belagavi and Dakshina Kannada together account for over 9%.
• On the investment front, between January 2024 and October 2025, Karnataka attracted$1.14 billion across around 40 deals.

Collaboration critical

• “The rapid expansion of biomanufacturing shows a sector moving decisively from research to global-scale production. Continued collaboration between government, industry and academia will be critical to sustaining Karnataka’s leadership in India’s next phase of bio-led growth,” said G.S. Krishnan, honorary president, ABLE.
• Minister for Information Technology, Biotechnology and Rural Development, noted that biotechnology is no longer confined to laboratories, but is now a central driver of economic growth, industrial innovation and societal impact.
• “Our focus is on building a full-spectrum biomanufacturing economy by supporting deep-tech start-ups, strengthening innovation infrastructure, and ensuring that growth reaches beyond Bengaluru,”he said.

Paper-III: General Studies 2

Centre unveils policy to tackle terrorism threats

Context: PRAHAAR states that India faces terrorist threats on all three fronts — water, land and air; the policy adds that capacities have been developed to protect critical sectors of the economy

• The Union Home Ministry released the country’s first-ever anti-terror policy, emphasising that other than terror sponsored from across the border, “criminal hackers and nation states continue to target India through cyber-attacks”. The policy — titled PRAHAAR — has been uploaded on the Ministry’s website.
• It states that India faces terrorist threats on all three fronts — water, land and air — and that capacities have been developed to protect critical sectors of the economy, including power, railways, aviation, ports, defence, space and atomic energy, from both state and non-state actors.
• The Hindu first reported on December 23, 2025, that the National Counter Terrorism Policy and Strategy had been finalised and would be released soon.
• The policy underlines that “India does not link terrorism to any specific religion, ethnicity, nationality or civilisation”. However, it notes that India has been affected by “sponsored terrorism” from across the border, with “Jihadi terror outfits as well as their frontal organisations” continuing to plan, coordinate, facilitate and execute terror attacks.
• “India has been on the target of global terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda and IS, which have been trying to incite violence in the country through sleeper cells,” it says, adding that extremists operating from foreign countries have hatched conspiracies to promote terrorism.
• “Their handlers from across the border frequently use the latest technologies, including the use of drones, for facilitating terror-related activities and attacks in Punjab and J&K. Increasingly, terrorist groups are engaging organised criminal networks for logistics and recruitment to execute and facilitate terror strikes in India,” the policy says.
• Union Home Minister Amit Shah had announced on November 7, 2024, that a National Counter Terrorism Policy and Strategy was being drafted to fight terrorism and its ecosystem.
• Following the April 22, 2025, Pahalgam terror incident, the National Investigation Agency (NIA) conducted meetings with anti-terror units of all States and apprised them of the measures aimed at preventing and pre-empting such attacks.
• The policy further states that for propaganda, communication, funding and guiding terror attacks, these terror groups use social media platforms as well as ‘instant messaging applications’ and technological advancements such as encryption, dark web, crypto wallets etc, enabling them to operate anonymously.
• “Disrupting/Intercepting terrorist efforts to access and use CBRNED (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosive, Digital) materials remains a challenge for Counter Terrorism (CT) agencies. The threat of state and non-state actors misusing drones and robotics for lethal purposes remains another area of concern,” it flags.
• As a way forward, the policy suggests that to make appropriate cases against the perpetrators of acts of terrorism, there is a need to associate legal experts at every stage of investigation.
• “Terrorist groups based outside (from abroad) nowadays use the infrastructure, logistics and terrain knowledge of local outfits for launching attacks. National actions, coupled with international and regional cooperation, are key elements in addressing the transnational terrorism challenge,” it emphasises.
• The MHA said Indian intelligence and law enforcement agencies have been continuously working to prevent the recruitment of Indian youth by extremist groups.
• Underscoring the role of community and religious leaders, the policy states that moderate preachers and NGOs are engaged to spread awareness about the adverse consequences and impacts of radicalisation and extremist violence.
• The Ministry said there is a move to establish a uniform anti-terrorism structure across States, as standardisation of processes and procedures would ensure similar and synergistic responses to terror attack.
• It said that the policy aims to criminalise all terrorist acts and deny access to terrorists, their financiers and supporters access to funds, weapons and safe havens.

WhatsApp tells SC it does not share data with Meta

Context: Will fully comply with National Company Law Appellate Tribunal directions on user consent for sharing data with parent company, it says as both challenge imposition of penalty of ₹213.14 crore

• The instant messaging platform WhatsApp maintained in the Supreme Court on Monday that it was not “quite right” to say the online entity was sharing data with other Meta platforms.
• Appearing before a three-judge Bench headed by Chief Justice of India Surya Kant, senior advocate Kapil Sibal, for WhatsApp and its parent company, Meta, said its technology was very clear and put a premium on privacy. “There is no question of violating the law,” Mr. Sibal submitted.
• He said the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, comprehensively addressed the privacy concerns raised in the Supreme Court.
• The court was hearing petitions filed by Meta and WhatsApp against a National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) decision to uphold a ₹213.14-crore penalty imposed by the Competition Commission of India (CCI).
• The CCI had found WhatsApp’s “take-it-or-leave-it” approach in its 2021 privacy policy an abuse of its market dominance. It found the prior consent sought from users to share their data with Meta “manufactured”. It had concluded that users were forced to share data for continued access to WhatsApp messaging services.
• In an appeal last year, the NCLAT concluded that the “core principle is to remove exploitation by restoring user choice”.
• “The users can be given choice if users retain the right to decide what data is collected from them, for which purposes, and for how long. We had also stated in our findings that any non-essential collection or cross-use (like advertising etc.) can occur only with the concerned user’s express and revocable consent,” the NCLAT had observed.
• WhatsApp said it would fully comply with the NCLAT directions relating to user consent for sharing data with Meta under its controversial 2021 privacy policy by March 16, 2026. The tribunal had, however, found the CCI’s five-year ban on sharing data for advertisement purposes “redundant”, considering that the user had already been given a choice to opt in or out.
• WhatsApp has filed a comprehensive affidavit explaining its technology of end-to-end encryption, following scathing oral remarks from the Bench in the previous hearing on February 3.
• The Bench had cautioned that it would not permit the platform and Meta to breach the right to privacy of millions of their “silent consumers” in India through the sharing and commercial exploitation of personal data. It had even compared sharing of private data to a “decent way of committing theft”. Though WhatsApp and Meta had protested that users could “opt out” of the data-sharing provision, the court had persisted in its criticism.
• Senior advocate Madhavi Goradia Divan, for CCI, said there was also a competition law concern attached to the case.
• “Data-sharing has many facets. One may be privacy and data protection. But there is another aspect, protecting market and consumer, which stands on a totally different footing,” Ms. Divan submitted.

Paper-IV: General Studies 3

Paper-V: General Studies 4

Ethics Case Study
Background
In Rajamahendravaram city of East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, four elderly persons died and eight others fell critically ill after consuming adulterated milk supplied by a local vendor. Medical reports indicate that the victims suffered from acute renal failure and anuria. The same vendor had procured milk from 46 dairy farmers and supplied it to 106 families. The district administration detained the vendor and initiated forensic testing of blood samples, cattle fodder, and milk samples. The State government announced compensation to victims’ families, while allegations of negligence in enforcing food safety norms were raised.

You are the District Collector of East Godavari.

1. Ethical Issues Involved?
2. Stakeholders?
3. Ethical Principles Applied?
4. Options Available to You?
   Option 1: Limit action to arresting the vendor and completing investigation
   Option 2: Combine legal action with immediate health, relief, and surveillance measures
   Option 3: Implement long-term structural reforms in food safety governance

Sources: The Hindu